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Table of Contents

Battery Management Systems for Large Lithium-Ion Battery Packs
Complete TOC, errata and addenda.

The book's TOC shows only 3 levels, and the numbering in the books stops at 4 levels.
This TOC goes all the way to 6 levels

Book's home
Page ErrataAddenda
Preface xi (X) (+)
1 Introduction 1 (X) (+)
1.1 Naming conventions 1 (X) (+)
1.1.1 Cells, batteries and packs 1 (X) (+)
1.1.2 Resistance 1 (X) (+)
1.2 Li-Ion cells 1 (X) (+)
1.2.1 Formats 2 (X) (+)
1.2.2 Chemistry 3 (X) (+)
1.2.3 Safety 6 (X) (+)
1.2.4 Safe operating area 6 (X) (+)
1.2.5 Efficiency 6 (X) (+)
1.2.5.1 Energy 6 (X) (+)
1.2.5.2 Charge 7 (X) (+)
1.2.6 Aging 9 (X) (+)
1.2.6.1 Calendar life 9 (X) (+)
1.2.6.2 Cycle life 9 (X) (+)
1.2.7 Modeling 10 (X) (+)
1.2.8 Unequal voltages is series strings 12 (X) (+)
1.3 Li-Ion BMSs 15 (X) (+)
1.3.1 BMS definition 16 (X) (+)
1.3.2 Li-Ion BMS functions 16 (X) (+)
1.3.3 Custom versus. off-the-shelf 16 (X) (+)
1.4 Li-Ion batteries 18 (X) (+)
1.4.1 SOC, DOD and capacity 18 (X) (+)
1.4.2 Balance and balancing 22 (X) (+)
1.4.2.1 Unbalance over time 24 (X) (+)
1.4.2.2 Starting unbalance 26 (X) (+)
1.4.2.3 Battery SOC versus cell SOC 26 (X) (+)
1.4.3 SOH 31 (X) (+)
2 BMS options 35 (X) (+)
2.1 Functionality 35 (X) (+)
2.1.1 CCCV chargers 35 (X) (+)
2.1.2 Regulators 37 (X) (+)
2.1.3 Meters 38 (X) (+)
2.1.4 Monitors 39 (X) (+)
2.1.5 Balancers 40 (X) (+)
2.1.6 Protectors 41 (X) (+)
2.1.7 Functionality comparison 41 (X) (+)
2.2 Technology 41 (X) (+)
2.2.1 Simple (analog) 42 (X) (+)
2.2.2 Sophisticated (digital) 43 (X) (+)
2.2.3 Technology comparison 43 (X) (+)
2.3 Topology 44 (X) (+)
2.3.1 Centralized 44 (X) (+)
2.3.2 Modular 45 (X) (+)
2.3.3 Master-slave 46 (X) (+)
2.3.4 Distributed 47 (X) (+)
2.3.5 Topology comparison 49 (X) (+)
3 BMS functions 51 (X) (+)
3.1 Measurement 51 (X) (+)
3.1.1 Voltage 52 (X) (+)
3.1.1.1 Methods 52 (X) (+)
3.1.1.2 Rate 52 (X) (+)
3.1.1.3 Accuracy 53 (X) (+)
3.1.1.4 Isolation 53 (X) (+)
3.1.2 Temperature 52 (X) (+)
3.1.3 Current 54 (X) (+)
3.1.3.1 Current shunt 55 (X) (+)
3.1.3.2 Hall effect sensor 57 (X) (+)
3.2 Management 58 (X) (+)
3.2.1 Protection 58 (X) (+)
3.2.1.1 Monitored conditions 58 (X) (+)
3.2.1.1.1 Pack current 58 (X) (+)
3.2.1.1.2 Cell voltage 60 (X) (+)
3.2.1.1.3 Pack temperature 60 (X) (+)
3.2.1.1.4 Pack voltage 61 (X) (+)
3.2.1.2 Current interruption 61 (X) (+)
3.2.1.2.1 Request for interruption 61 (X) (+)
3.2.1.2.2 Direct interruption 63 (X) (+)
3.2.2 Thermal management 63 (X) (+)
3.2.2.1 Heating 63 (X) (+)
3.2.2.2 Cooling 64 (X) (+)
3.2.3 Balancing - Cell balance interactive tool 64 (X) (+)
3.2.3.1 Balancing algorithms 65 (X) (+)
3.2.3.1.1 Voltage based 66 (X) (+)
3.2.3.1.2 Final voltage based 66 (X) (+)
3.2.3.1.3 SOC history based 68 (X) (+)
3.2.3.1.4 Algorithm comparison 71 (X) (+)
3.2.3.1.5 Top versus mid balancing 71 (X) (+)
3.2.3.1.6 Top versus bottom balancing 73 (X) (+)
3.2.3.2 Balance current requirements 76 (X) (+)
3.2.3.2.1 Gross balance 76 (X) (+)
3.2.3.2.2 Maintenance balance 77 (X) (+)
3.2.3.2.3 Conclusions 79 (X) (+)
3.2.3.3 Active versus. passive balance 79 (X) (+)
3.2.3.4 Active balance techniques 83 (X) (+)
3.2.4 Redistribution 84 (X) (+)
3.2.4.1 Comparison between balancing and redistribution 85 (X) (+)
3.2.4.2 Converter power 85 (X) (+)
3.2.4.3 Redistribution versus. additional cells 86 (X) (+)
3.2.4.4 Conclusions 87 (X) (+)
3.2.5 Distributed charging 87 (X) (+)
3.3 Evaluation 89 (X) (+)
3.3.1 State Of Charge and Depth Of Discharge 89 (X) (+)
3.3.1.1 Voltage translation 89 (X) (+)
3.3.1.2 Coulomb counting 90 (X) (+)
3.3.1.3 Combining the two techniques 92 (X) (+)
3.3.2 Capacity 95 (X) (+)
3.3.3 Resistance 96 (X) (+)
3.3.4 State Of Health (SOH) 97 (X) (+)
3.4 External communications 97 (X) (+)
3.4.1 Dedicated analog wire 98 (X) (+)
3.4.1.1 Inputs 98 (X) (+)
3.4.1.2 Outputs 99 (X) (+)
3.4.2 Dedicated digital wire 99 (X) (+)
3.4.2.1 Inputs 99 (X) (+)
3.4.2.2 Outputs 100 (X) (+)
3.4.3 Data link 102 (X) (+)
3.4.3.1 RS232 103 (X) (+)
3.4.3.2 CAN Bus 103 (X) (+)
3.4.3.3 Ethernet 104 (X) (+)
3.4.3.4 USB 104 (X) (+)
3.4.3.5 Wireless data link 105 (X) (+)
3.5 Logging and telemetry 105 (X) (+)
4 Off-the-shelf BMSs - Up-to-date list107 (X) (+)
4.1.1 Simple 107 (X) (+)
4.1.1.1 Regulators 108 (X) (+)
4.1.1.2 Balancers 108 (X) (+)
4.1.1.2.1 Clean Power Auto 109 (X) (+)
4.1.1.2.2 Elithion 109 (X) (+)
4.1.1.2.3 EV Power 109 (X) (+)
4.1.1.3 Protectors 110 (X) (+)
4.1.2 Sophisticated 111 (X) (+)
4.1.2.1 Meters and monitors 111 (X) (+)
4.1.2.1.1 Electric Blue Motors 111 (X) (+)
4.1.2.1.2 Guantuo Power 112 (X) (+)
4.1.2.1.3 JK Hall 112 (X) (+)
4.1.2.2 Balancers and protectors 113 (X) (+)
4.1.2.2.1 Black Sheep Technology 113 (X) (+)
4.1.2.2.2 Clayton Power 114 (X) (+)
4.1.2.2.3 Elithion 114 (X) (+)
4.1.2.2.4 EVPST 115 (X) (+)
4.1.2.2.5 Genasun 115 (X) (+)
4.1.2.2.6 Lithium Balance 115 (X) (+)
4.1.2.2.7 REAP 117 (X) (+)
4.1.3 Cell manufacturers' BMSs 117 (X) (+)
4.1.3.1 Elite Power / EVPST 117 (X) (+)
4.1.3.2 Kokam / N Tech 118 (X) (+)
4.1.3.3 Thundersky / Ningbo Yangming 118 (X) (+)
4.1.3.4 Valence 118 (X) (+)
4.1.4 Comparison 118 (X) (+)
5 Custom BMS design 121 (X) (+)
5.1 Using BMS ASICs 121 (X) (+)
5.1.1 BMS ASIC selection - Up-to-date list121 (X) (+)
5.1.2 BMS ASIC comparison 124 (X) (+)
5.2 Analog BMS design 125 (X) (+)
5.2.1 Analog regulator 125 (X) (+)
5.2.1.1 Zener diode 125 (X) (+)
5.2.1.2 Integrated circuit 127 (X) (+)
5.2.2 Analog monitor 127 (X) (+)
5.2.2.1 Distributed BMS 128 (X) (+)
5.2.2.1.1 NO, parallel bus 128 (X) (+)
5.2.2.1.2 NC, series bus 129 (X) (+)
5.2.2.1.3 Single bus 132 (X) (+)
5.2.2.1.4 Cell circuit 134 (X) (+)
5.2.2.2 Localized BMS 135 (X) (+)
5.2.2.2.1 Multiplexed circuit with generic ICs 135 (X) (+)
5.2.2.2.2 LTC6801 fault detector 137 (X) (+)
5.2.2.2.3 MAX1894 / MAX1924 protector 138 (X) (+)
5.2.2.2.4 MAX11080 fault detector 138 (X) (+)
5.2.3 Analog balancer 138 (X) (+)
5.2.3.1 Generic ICs 139 (X) (+)
5.2.3.2 DS series, DS2726 139 (X) (+)
5.2.3.3 bq76pl536 BMS front end 141 (X) (+)
5.2.3.4 bq76pl537 BMS front end 144 (X) (+)
5.2.4 Analog protector 144 (X) (+)
5.3 Ready made, digital BMS designs 144 (X) (+)
5.3.1 ATMEL's BMS processor 144 (X) (+)
5.3.2 Elithion's BMS chip set 145 (X) (+)
5.3.3 National Semiconductors' complete BMS 146 (X) (+)
5.3.4 Peter Perkin's open source BMS 147 (X) (+)
5.3.5 Texas Instruments' bq29330 / bq20z90 149 (X) (+)
5.3.6 Texas Instruments' bq78PL114 / bq76PL102 151 (X) (+)
5.4 Custom digital BMS design 152 (X) (+)
5.4.1 Voltage and temperature measurement 152 (X) (+)
5.4.1.1 Distributed measurement 153 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2 Localized measurement 156 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2.1 Multiplexed measurement 156 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2.2 General purpose ICs versus ASICs 158 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2.3 Digital BMS using general purpose ICs 158 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2.4 Digital BMS ASICs 161 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2.4.1 Analog Devices' AD7280 163 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2.4.2 Atmel's ATA6870 163 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2.4.3 Intersil's ISL9216 / 17 167 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2.4.4 Linear Technology's LTC6802-1 167 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2.4.5 Linear Technology's LTC6802-2 168 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2.4.6 Maxim's MAX11068 171 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2.4.7 O2Micro's OZ890 173 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2.4.8 Texas Instruments' bq76pl536 / bq76pl537 173 (X) (+)
5.4.1.2.5 Redundant protection ASICs 174 (X) (+)
5.4.2 Current measurement 175 (X) (+)
5.4.2.1 Current shunt 175 (X) (+)
5.4.2.2 Hall effect sensor 176 (X) (+)
5.4.3 Evaluation 178 (X) (+)
5.4.3.1 SOA evaluation 178 (X) (+)
5.4.3.1.1 CCL and HLIM 178 (X) (+)
5.4.3.1.1.1 Maximum cell voltage 179 (X) (+)
5.4.3.1.1.2 Cell temperature 180 (X) (+)
5.4.3.1.1.3 Battery charge current 180 (X) (+)
5.4.3.1.1.4 Pack voltage 182 (X) (+)
5.4.3.1.2 DCL and LLIM 182 (X) (+)
5.4.3.2 SOC and DOD estimation 183 (X) (+)
5.4.3.3 Resistance calculation 187 (X) (+)
5.4.3.4 Capacity measurement 188 (X) (+)
5.4.3.5 SOH estimation 189 (X) (+)
5.4.3.6 Diagram 191 (X) (+)
5.4.4 Communications 192 (X) (+)
5.4.4.1 Dedicated wire 192 (X) (+)
5.4.4.1.1 Digital 193 (X) (+)
5.4.4.1.1.1 Outputs 193 (X) (+)
5.4.4.1.1.2 Inputs 194 (X) (+)
5.4.4.1.2 Analog 195 (X) (+)
5.4.4.2 Data link 195 (X) (+)
5.4.4.2.1 Serial 196 (X) (+)
5.4.4.2.2 CAN Bus 196 (X) (+)
5.4.4.2.2.1 Implementation 196 (X) (+)
5.4.4.2.2.2 Standard traction pack messages 198 (X) (+)
5.4.4.2.2.3 SAE J1939 standard 198 (X) (+)
5.4.4.2.2.4 PIDs 198 (X) (+)
5.4.4.3 Display 200 (X) (+)
5.4.4.3.1 LEDs 200 (X) (+)
5.4.4.3.2 Fuel gauge 201 (X) (+)
5.4.4.3.3 Full display 201 (X) (+)
5.4.5 Optimization 202 (X) (+)
5.4.5.1 Balancing 202 (X) (+)
5.4.5.1.1 Passive 204 (X) (+)
5.4.5.1.2 Active 204 (X) (+)
5.4.5.1.2.1 Cell-to-cell 204 (X) (+)
5.4.5.1.2.1.1 Capacitor 204 (X) (+)
5.4.5.1.2.1.2 Inductor 206 (X) (+)
5.4.5.1.2.1.3 Transformer 206 (X) (+)
5.4.5.1.2.2 Cell-to-battery 206 (X) (+)
5.4.5.1.2.3 Battery-to-cell 208 (X) (+)
5.4.5.1.2.4 Bidirectional 209 (X) (+)
5.4.5.2 Redistribution 201 (X) (+)
5.4.6 Switching 215 (X) (+)
5.4.6.1 Contactors 216 (X) (+)
5.4.6.2 Transistors 217 (X) (+)
5.4.7 Logging 218 (X) (+)
5.5 Cell interface 219 (X) (+)
5.5.1 Non-distributed 219 (X) (+)
5.5.2 Distributed 220 (X) (+)
5.5.2.1 Small cylindrical cells 220 (X) (+)
5.5.2.2 Prismatic cells 222 (X) (+)
5.5.2.3 Large cylindrical cells 224 (X) (+)
5.5.2.4 Pouch cells 224 (X) (+)
5.6 Distributed charging 226 (X) (+)
6 Deploying a BMS 229 (X) (+)
6.1 Installing 229 (X) (+)
6.1.1 Battery pack design 229 (X) (+)
6.1.1.1 Pack layout 229 (X) (+)
6.1.1.1.1 Cells in parallel versus batteries in parallel 229 (X) (+)
6.1.1.2 Battery layout 232 (X) (+)
6.1.1.3 Battery assembly 234 (X) (+)
6.1.1.3.1 Balancing before assembly 234 (X) (+)
6.1.1.3.2 Cell containment 234 (X) (+)
6.1.1.3.3 Cell isolation 235 (X) (+)
6.1.1.4 BMS placement 236 (X) (+)
6.1.1.5 Power circuits 236 (X) (+)
6.1.1.5.1 Power connection fastening 236 (X) (+)
6.1.1.5.2 Current splitter 238 (X) (+)
6.1.1.5.3 Source and load current sensing 238 (X) (+)
6.1.1.5.4 Current shunt wiring 239 (X) (+)
6.1.1.5.5 Contactors and precharge 240 (X) (+)
6.1.1.5.5.1 Function 241 (X) (+)
6.1.1.5.5.2 Operation 241 (X) (+)
6.1.1.5.5.3 Contactors selection 241 (X) (+)
6.1.1.5.5.4 Precharge relay selection 242 (X) (+)
6.1.1.5.5.5 Relay selection 242 (X) (+)
6.1.2 BMS connections to pack 243 (X) (+)
6.1.2.1 Wires and cables 243 (X) (+)
6.1.2.1.1 High voltage communication wires 244 (X) (+)
6.1.2.1.2 Low voltage communication cables 244 (X) (+)
6.1.2.1.3 High voltage tap wires 245 (X) (+)
6.1.2.2 Placement across adjacent cells 245 (X) (+)
6.1.3 BMS connections to system 247 (X) (+)
6.1.3.1 General requirements 247 (X) (+)
6.1.3.2 Chargers 247 (X) (+)
6.1.3.3 Motor controllers 249 (X) (+)
6.1.3.4 Grid connected inverters / chargers 251 (X) (+)
6.1.3.5 Fuel gauges 251 (X) (+)
6.2 Configuring 252 (X) (+)
6.2.1 Cell configuration 252 (X) (+)
6.2.2 Pack configuration 252 (X) (+)
6.2.3 System configuration 253 (X) (+)
6.3 Testing 253 (X) (+)
6.4 Troubleshooting 255 (X) (+)
6.5 Using 256 (X) (+)
Acronyms and Abbreviations 257 (X) (+)
Glossary 261 (X) (+)
About the author 269 (X) (+)
Index 271 (X) (+)

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